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How to Cite Archived Content

Academic and professional attribution guidelines for materials preserved in the 1990 Web Archive. Follow these standards to ensure proper credit, reproducibility, and compliance with scholarly norms.

Standard Citation Structure

All citations should include the original author or organization, the title of the web resource, the archival access date, and a persistent identifier. The core structure remains consistent across major citation styles:

Author/OrgOriginal creator
TitleWebpage or resource name
Archive1990 Web Archive
DateAccess & original dates
URL/IDWARC path or DOI

Style Guide Examples

APA 7th Edition Standard

Original Author. (Year). Title of webpage. In 1990 Web Archive. Retrieved [Access Date], from https://archive.1990web.org/path/to/page

MLA 9th Edition Humanities

Original Author. Title of Webpage. 1990 Web Archive, Year. Archive, https://archive.1990web.org/path/to/page. Accessed Day Month Year.

Chicago 17th Notes & Biblio

Original Author. "Title of Webpage." In 1990 Web Archive, Year. https://archive.1990web.org/path/to/page. Accessed Month Day, Year.

IEEE Technical

[1] Original Author, "Title of webpage," 1990 Web Archive, Year. [Online]. Available: https://archive.1990web.org/path/to/page. [Accessed: Day-Month-Year].

Content-Specific Guidelines

WARC Archive File

1990 Web Archive. (Year). Collection Name (WARC File: filename.warc.gz). 1990 Web Archive. doi:10.xxxx/xxxxxx

Recovered Image/GIF

Original Creator. Description of Image [Image Format]. Captured Year. In 1990 Web Archive. Retrieved [Access Date], from [Direct Asset URL]

Unattributed/Orphan Works

Anonymous. (Year). Title of Page. [Archived from: originalurl.com]. 1990 Web Archive. Accessed [Date].

Citation Generator

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Metadata & Preservation Standards

The 1990 Web Archive adheres to internationally recognized frameworks for digital preservation and metadata documentation.

OAIS Reference Model

Information Object Reference Model compliant ingestion, archival storage, and access workflows.

ISO 14721

WARC File Format

Web ARChive standard for capturing HTTP/HTTPS transactions, headers, and payloads.

RFC 8493

Dublin Core Metadata

Core descriptive elements mapped to every archived record for discovery and interoperability.

DCMI 1.1

Persistent Identifiers

DOIs and Handles assigned to stable collections and high-value recovered pages.

DOI / Handle

Researcher Support

Need help locating a specific archived resource, verifying metadata, or formatting citations for publication? Our digital archivist team is available to assist academic institutions, journalists, and independent researchers.

📧 research@1990webarchive.org | 🌐 Full Citation Manual (PDF)

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